The Targums

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Section I: Getting Started

1 Introduction

2 Defining Targum

3 The Seven Rules of Targum

4 Rabbinic Literature

Section II: The Pentateuchal Targums

5 Pentateuchal Targums: The Basics

6 Sources of the Palestinian Targums

7 Targum Onqelos and the Targums of Israel

8 The Pentateuchal Targums in Rabbinic Literature

9 Dating the Targums of Israel

Section III: The Targums of the Prophets and the Writings

10 Targum Jonathan of the Prophets: Its Development as Revealed by the Targum of Isaiah

11 Targum Jonathan: Former and Latter Prophets

12 Targums to the Writings

Section IV: The Targums in Late-Antique Judaism

13 Aramaic in Judaism

14 Targums and Translation in the History of Rabbinic Literature

15 Targum as Scripture and Hidden Interpretation

16 Ancient Scripture Translations

Section V: The Targums and Early Christianity

17 Comparing the Targums and the New Testament

18 The Aramaic Retroversion of Jesus Sayings

19 The Fourth Gospel and Targumic Memra

Section VI: Conclusions and Prospects

20 Genesis 22 in the Targumim and in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation

21 Targums in the Rabbinic World and Beyond

Appendix A: The Parallel Expansions of Genesis 28-50

Appendix B: A Guide to Babylonian Pointing

Glossary

Bibliography

Index